David Guzik :: Study Guide for 2 Corinthians 7

[A new version of this page can be found here]

Comforted by the Corinthian Christians' Repentance

A. Cleansing and perfecting.

1. (1a) In light of God's promises.

Therefore, having these promises.

a. Therefore, having these promises: This is Paul's natural conclusion to 2 Corinthians 6:14-18.  In those verses, Paul wrote about the need to separate from worldly influences, so we can live a close life with God.

b. The commandment to come out from among them and be separate (2 Corinthians 6:17) is coupled with a promise: I will receive you.  I will be a Father to you, and you shall be My sons and daughters (2 Corinthians 6:18).  If we separate ourselves from worldly thinking and acting, we are promised a closer relationship with God.

2. (1b) Two things to do in light of God's promises.

Beloved, let us cleanse ourselves from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit, perfecting holiness in the fear of God.

a. A negative thing to do: cleanse ourselves from all filthiness.  There is a cleansing that God alone does in our lives, but there is also a cleansing which God wants to do in cooperation with us.  Here, Paul is writing about a cleansing that isn't just something God does for us as we sit passively; this is a self-cleansing for intimacy with God that goes beyond a general cleansing for sin.

i. There is a main aspect of cleansing which comes to us as we trust in Jesus and His work on our behalf; this work of cleansing is really God's work in us, and not our work.  This is the sense of 1 John 1:9: If we confess our sins, He is faithful and just to forgive us our sins and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.

ii. But there is another aspect of cleansing which God looks for us to do with the participation of our own will and effort; not that it is our work apart from God, but it is a work that awaits our will and effort: let us cleanse ourselves.  This aspect of cleansing is mostly connected with intimacy with God, and usefulness for service.

iii. "How can those expect God to purify their hearts who are continually indulging their eyes, ears, and hands in what is forbidden, and in what tends to increase and bring into action all the evil propensities of the soul?" (Clarke)

b. The cleansing is to be from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit. We often think of purity before the Lord only in terms of cleansing from all filthiness of the flesh.  But there is also a filthiness of the … spirit to cleanse ourselves from.

i. Sometimes it is easier to deal with the filthiness of the flesh than the filthiness … of the spirit. During Jesus' earthly ministry, those who were stained by the filthiness of the flesh (such as harlots and tax collectors) found it easy to come to Jesus.  But those stained by the filthiness … of the spirit (such as the scribes and Pharisees) found it very hard to come to Jesus.

ii. Our pride, our legalism, our self-focus, our self-righteousness, our bitterness, and our hatred can all be far worse to deal with than the more obvious sins of the flesh.  "There is a defilement of the spirit which is independent of the defilement of the flesh.  The spirit can be defiled in many ways.  I sometimes think that the sins of the spirit are more deadly than the sins of the flesh." (Morgan)

iii. "I wish we were more concerned about cleansing ourselves from the filthiness of the spirit.  I am inclined to think that some men heedlessly pollute their spirits; I mean that they do it wilfully." (Spurgeon)

c. A positive thing to do: perfecting holiness in the fear of God.  Paul isn't writing about some state of sinless perfection.  Perfecting has the idea of "complete" and "whole."  Instead of a state of sinless perfection, Paul is writing about a complete, "whole" holiness.

i. It isn't enough to only cleanse ourselves from all filthiness.  The Christian life is not to be only getting rid of evil, but continually doing and becoming good.

d. Isn't it amazing that Paul could write cleanse ourselves, including himself among the Corinthian Christians in the category of those who need to be cleansed?  If Paul could include himself among those who needed to be cleansed, what about us?

i. "I suppose that, the nearer we get to heaven, the more conscious we shall be of our imperfections.  The more light we get, the more we discover our own darkness.  That which is scarcely accounted sin by some men, will be a grievous defilement to a tender conscience.  It is not that we are greater sinners as we grow older, but that we have a finer sensibility of sin, and see that to be sin which we winked at in the days of our ignorance." (Spurgeon)

ii. "I remember hearing a man say that he had lived for six years without having sinned in either thought, or word, or deed.  I apprehended that he committed a sin then, if he had never done so before, in uttering such a proud, boastful speech." (Spurgeon)

iii. But we must take care that we cleanse ourselves and not concern ourselves with cleansing others. Most of the time we are more concerned with the holiness of others than our own holiness!  "It were more in accordance with our tastes to cleanse other people, and attempt a moral reformation among our neighbors.  Oh! it is easy to find our other men's faults, and to bring the whole force of our mind to inveigh against them." (Spurgeon)

B. Personal words about Paul's relationship with the Corinthians.

1. (2Co 7:2-3) Paul's appeal: Open your hearts to us.

Open your hearts to us. We have wronged no one, we have corrupted no one, we have cheated no one. I do not say this to condemn; for I have said before that you are in our hearts, to die together and to live together.

a. In 2 Corinthians 6:11-13, Paul wrote: We have spoken openly to you, our heart is wide open … you also be open.  Then, in 2 Corinthians 6:14-7:1, he dealt with the worldliness that kept the Corinthian Christians from having the kind of open relationship they should have with Paul.  Now, in writing open your hearts to us, Paul returns to idea he left off with in 2 Corinthians 6:11-13.

i. Paul has been completely honest with the Corinthian Christians.  Now, he tells them they must be honest with Paul, and open to seeing the truth about Paul and his ministry.

ii. The Corinthian Christians believed many bad things about Paul - that he wasn't being used by God, that he didn't have the kind of image or authority or power an apostle should have - but their problem was not an information problem.  Their problem was with their hearts.  Their hearts had been open to the world, but not to Paul.  In the "unequally yoked" passage, Paul told them to close their hearts to the world.  Now it is time to open their hearts to him!

b. We have wronged no one, we have corrupted no one, we have defrauded no one. Paul reminds the Corinthians of what they already know: despite what some troublemakers were saying about Paul, they had no good reason for criticizing him.

i. When Paul claims he has defrauded no one, remember that he was organizing a collection for the poor Christians in Judea, and had charge over a good amount of money (1 Corinthians 16:1-4)

ii. "Ministers must so live that they may, if need be, glory of their innocency and integrity, as did Moses, Samuel, Paul, Melancthon." (Trapp)

c. I do not say this to condemn: Paul's desire isn't to condemn the Corinthian Christians, but to restore the bonds of fellowship between them again.  Paul really loves the Corinthian Christians: I have said before that you are in our hearts, to die together and to live together.

i. Paul was confronting the Corinthian Christians, but he did not want to condemn them.  It is possible to confront without condemning, though those who are being confronted rarely think so!

2. (2Co 7:4-7) Paul is encouraged by good news from the Corinthian Christians.

Great is my boldness of speech toward you, great is my boasting on your behalf. I am filled with comfort. I am exceedingly joyful in all our tribulation. For indeed, when we came to Macedonia, our bodies had no rest, but we were troubled on every side. Outside were conflicts, inside were fears. Nevertheless God, who comforts the downcast, comforted us by the coming of Titus, and not only by his coming, but also by the consolation with which he was comforted in you, when he told us of your earnest desire, your mourning, your zeal for me, so that I rejoiced even more.

a. Great is my boldness of speech toward you, great is my boasting on your behalf: Yes, Paul has been bold in his criticism of the Corinthians.  But he is also bold in his boasting about them.

b. I am filled with comfort.  I am exceedingly joyful in all our tribulation … when he told us of you earnest desire, your zeal for me, so that I rejoiced even more. Despite the many trials Paul was facing (from both within and without), he could find joy, and part of that joy was good news from the Corinthian Christians.

i. I am exceedingly joyful in all our tribulation: "I superabound in joy; I have a joy beyond expression."  Some think God wants us to endure tribulation with a blank, stoic face - the "stiff upper lip."  But God wants more from us than that.  He wants us to superabound in joy even in all our tribulation!

ii. God brought comfort to Paul by hearing of the work God was doing among the Corinthian Christians.  "No circumstances of personal affliction can dim the gladness of seeing souls grow in the grace of the Lord Jesus." (Morgan)

iii. When Paul speaks of the coming of Titus, he actually picking up where he left off in 2 Corinthians 2:13.  In a sense, 2 Corinthians 2:14 to 7:4 is one long digression - led by God of course, and containing some of the richest treasure of the New Testament!

c. Paul was having a hard time in Macedonia (our flesh had no rest, but we were troubled on every side.  Outside were conflicts, inside were fears). But Titus had come to Paul when he was in Macedonia and he brought a good report of how the Corinthian Christians were turning back to Jesus and to Paul.

i. In spite of all his frustrations with the Corinthians, and in the midst of all his afflictions in ministry, Paul had real confidence and hope, because Titus brought him a good report of how things were going in Corinth.

ii. In 2 Corinthians 1:3, Paul declared that God is the God of all comfort. Here, Paul experienced that comfort through the coming of Titus and the news he brought from Corinth.  Paul experienced the comfort of God through human instruments.  Often, by turning away from people, we turn away from the comfort God wants to give us.

d. Outside were conflicts, inside were fears: This was Paul's life in ministry.  It was a life of great blessing, but also a life of many conflicts and fears. On the outside, Paul was constantly in conflict with enemies of the gospel and worldly-minded Christians.  On the inside, Paul daily battled with the stress and anxiety of ministry.

e. Your earnest desire, your mourning, your zeal for me: Titus told Paul that the Corinthian Christians had not forsaken him completely.  In fact, these things (desire … mourning … zeal) proved God really was doing a work in the Corinthian Christians, and Paul was comforted by knowing that.

3. (2Co 7:8-12) The severe letter and its effect.

For even if I made you sorry with my letter, I do not regret it; though I did regret it. For I perceive that the same epistle made you sorry, though only for a while. Now I rejoice, not that you were made sorry, but that your sorrow led to repentance. For you were made sorry in a godly manner, that you might suffer loss from us in nothing. For godly sorrow produces repentance leading to salvation, not to be regretted; but the sorrow of the world produces death. For observe this very thing, that you sorrowed in a godly manner: What diligence it produced in you, what clearing of yourselves, what indignation, what fear, what vehement desire, what zeal, what vindication! In all things you proved yourselves to be clear in this matter. Therefore, although I wrote to you, I did not do it for the sake of him who had done the wrong, nor for the sake of him who suffered wrong, but that our care for you in the sight of God might appear to you.

a. For even if I made you sorry with my letter: What letter?  This probably is not the letter of 1 Corinthians, but a letter that Paul wrote in between 1 and 1 Corinthians.

i. It helps if we remember the sequence of events. Things were going badly among the Christians in Corinth, and in an attempt to get them on track, Paul made a quick, unplanned visit which only seemed to make things worse (the "sorrowful visit" mentioned in 2 Corinthians 2:1).  After the failure of this visit, Paul decided to not visit Corinth again in person at the time, but he sent Titus to them, with a strong letter of rebuke.  Paul was very worried about how the Corinthians would receive the letter, and if it would turn them to Jesus or just make them angry.  But when Titus came back with good news from the Corinthian Christians, Paul was greatly relieved.

b. I do not regret it; though I did regret it: When Paul first wrote the "sorrowful letter" carried by Titus, he didn't enjoy the idea of being so confrontational to the Corinthian Christians, even though they deserved it. That's why he can write "though I did regret it." At the same time, when Titus came back and reported the response of the Corinthian Christians (the earnest desire … mourning and zeal mentioned in 2 Corinthians 7:7), Paul was happy for the effect the letter had. That's why he can write "I do not regret it."

c. The same epistle made you sorry, though only for a while: "In sin, the pleasure passeth, the sorrow remaineth; but in repentance, the sorrow passeth, the pleasure abideth for ever.  God soon poureth the oil of gladness into broken hearts."  (Trapp)

d. Not that you were made sorry, but that your sorrow led to repentance. Paul makes a clear separation between sorrow and repentance.  They are not the same things!  One can be sorry for their sin without repenting from their sin.  Sorrow describes a feeling, but repentance describes a change in both the mind and in the life.

i. "Repentance is not sorrow only.  It may be unaccompanied by sorrow … at the time, but sorrow will always follow, sorrow for the past; but this change of mind is the great thing." (Morgan)

ii. "Sorrow alone accomplishes nothing.  Peter was sorry he denied Christ, and he repented.  Judas was sorry he betrayed Christ but, instead of repenting, he killed himself." (Smith)

iii. Repentance sounds like a harsh word to many.   But it is an essential aspect of the gospel, and has been called "the first word of the gospel."  When John the Baptist preached, he said Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand! (Matthew 3:2); when Jesus began to preach, He said Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand (Matthew 4:17).  When Peter preached on the day of Pentecost, he told his listeners to repent (Acts 2:38).

iv. What was it that the Corinthian Christians had to repent of?  Take your pick!  It could have been any number of things, but no doubt it also included this: there were probably some "anti-Paul" people who criticized the absent apostle severely and unfairly, and the Corinthian Christians did not defend their godly spiritual father before these detractors.

e. You were made sorry in a godly manner: Paul did make the Corinthian Christians feel bad for their sin.  But he did it in a godly way.  He used the truth, not lies or exaggeration.  He was honest, not using hidden agendas and manipulation.  He simply told the truth in love.  But not every preacher, or every person can say they do the same as Paul.  And it isn't right to try to make someone sorry in an ungodly manner.

i. That you might suffer loss from us in nothing shows why it is important to only make others sorrow in an godly manner.  You may succeed in making them feel bad (sorrow).  But the relationship you have with that person will suffer loss.  You can win the "battle" yet lose the "war."  Paul wanted to protect his relationship with the Corinthian Christians, so he would only make them sorry in a godly manner.

f. Godly sorrow produces repentance unto salvation: Does this mean we are saved by our repentance?  Not exactly.  Repentance "is not the ground of our salvation; but it is a part of it and necessary condition of it.  Those who repent are saved; the impenitent perish.  Repentance is therefore unto salvation." (Hodge)

i. Repentance must never be thought of as something we must do before we can come back to God. Repentance describes what coming to God is.  You can't turn towards God without turning from the things He is against. "People seem to jump into faith very quickly nowadays.  I do not disapprove of that happy leap; but still, I hope my old friend repentance is not dead.  I am desperately in love with repentance; it seems to be to be the twin-sister to faith." (Spurgeon)

ii. Sorrow in itself doesn't produce anything except bad feelings.  But godly sorrow produces repentance.  Since repentance is a change (in both thinking and action), we can tell if sorrow is really godly by seeing if it produces repentance.  So godly sorrow cannot be measured by feelings or tears, but by what it produces.

iii. "How sorry do you think you have to be?  What is the purpose of your sorrow for sin?  It is to bring you to trust in the atoning work of our Lord Jesus Christ.  It is not your sorrow that cleanses you from sin, but His blood.  It is the goodness of God that leads a man to repentance.  Has your sorrow for sin led you at one time or another fling all the burden of it at the feet of a crucified, risen Saviour?  If it hasn't, anything short of that is what Paul here calls sorrow that leads to death." (Redpath)

iv. Real repentance acts. "If thou repent with a contradiction (saith Tertullian) God will pardon thee with a contradiction.  Thou repentest, and yet continuest in thy sin.  God will pardon thee, and yet send thee to hell.  There is pardon with a contradiction." (Trapp wrote these hard words!)

g. Since godly sorrow does such a great work, it is not to be regretted.  It doesn't feel good, but it does a good work.  The sorrow of the world is different, because it produces death.

i. When sorrow is received or borne in a worldly way, it has the deadly effect of producing resentment or bitterness.  We can regret that kind of sorrow.  But godly sorrow produces a repentance, unto salvation, that is not to be regretted.  "A repentance as a man shall never have cause to repent of.  Job cursed the day of his birth; but no man was ever heard to curse the day of his new birth." (Trapp)

ii. "In repentance there is a bitter sweetness, or a sweet bitterness - which shall I call it? - of which, the more you have, the better it is for you.  I can truly say that I hardly know a diviner joy than to lay my head in my Heavenly Father's bosom and to say, 'Father, I have sinned, but thou hast forgiven me; and, oh, I do love thee!'" (Spurgeon)

h. What diligence it produced in you, what clearing of yourselves, what indignation, what fear, what vehement desire, what zeal, what vindication!  All of these things showed that the sorrow of the Corinthian Christians was working real repentance.

i. What diligence: Godly sorrow produces, and repentance shows, diligence.  Repentance means to turn around, and it takes diligence to stay turned around.  If one gives up easily, they can never walk in repentance, though they may perform acts of repentance.

ii. What clearing of yourselves: Godly sorrow produces, and repentance shows, a clearing.  It is a clearing of guilt and shame, from knowing that we have brought our sin to God, and we are now walking in the right way.

iii. What indignation: Godly sorrow produces, and repentance shows, indignation.  We are indignant at our selves for our foolishness in sin.  This is the kind of attitude that makes repentance last. "I am glad that the Bible allows me to get mad, mad with the devil!  To think that he had the audacity to pull me down and make me do that!  What indignation, what fury at sin and all the agencies of Satan!" (Redpath)

iv. What fear: Godly sorrow produces, and repentance shows, a fear that we would ever fall into the same sin again.  Paul isn't writing about a fear of God here as much as a fear of sin, and a fear of our own weakness toward it.

v. What vehement desire: Godly sorrow produces, and repentance shows, vehement desire.  This is a heart that really desires purity and godliness, and doesn't want to sin any more.  This vehement desire is expressed through heartfelt prayer and total dependence on God.

vi. What zeal: Godly sorrow produces, and repentance shows, zeal.  The Greek word speaks of heat; we are hot towards God and His righteousness, and hot against sin and impurity. Instead of laziness, we have zeal in our walk with the Lord.

vii. What vindication: Godly sorrow produces, and repentance shows, vindication.  You are vindicated as a Christian, even though you have sinned.  No one can doubt it, because the measure of a Christian is not whether or not they sin, but whether or not they repent.

viii. Proved yourself to be clear: When repentance is marked by the preceding characteristics, we are clear of guilt and sin.  The stain of sin is gone!  We can feel it, and others can see it! "Happy is that man who has had enough of the smart of sin to make it sour and bitter to him all the rest of his days; so that now, with changed heart, and renewed spirit, he perseveres in the ways of God, never thinking of going back, but resolved 'through floods or flames' to force his way to heaven, to be, by divine grace, master over every sin that assails him." (Spurgeon)

i. In all things you proved yourselves to be clear: Their actions of repentance proved them to be clear.  It wasn't words or feelings that proved them to be clear, but actions.

i. "Godly sorrow that leads to repentance, therefore, is a sorrow that leads to a change of purpose, of intention, and of action.  It is not the sorrow of idle tears; it is not crying by your bedside because once again you have failed; nor is it vain regret, wishing things had never happened, wishing you could live the moments again.  No, it is not that. It is a change of purpose and intentions, a change of direction and action." (Redpath)

j. In this matter: Paul is using godly discretion by not bringing up the whole affair again from the beginning.  There was someone who had done wrong (him who had done the wrong) and there was someone who had been wronged (him who suffered wrong).  But there was no need to go through the whole mess again.

k. I did not do it for the sake: Paul's purpose in writing the "sorrowful letter" was not to take sides in a dispute among the Corinthian Christians.  His purpose was to demonstrate his concern (that our care for you in the sight of God might appear to you).

i. Paul's concern for the Corinthian Christians was evident, but amazing. "From all appearance there was never a Church less worthy of an apostle's affections than this Church was at this time; and yet no one ever more beloved." (Clarke)

4. (2Co 7:13-16) How Titus regards the Corinthian Christians after his visit.

Therefore we have been comforted in your comfort. And we rejoiced exceedingly more for the joy of Titus, because his spirit has been refreshed by you all. For if in anything I have boasted to him about you, I am not ashamed. But as we spoke all things to you in truth, even so our boasting to Titus was found true. And his affections are greater for you as he remembers the obedience of you all, how with fear and trembling you received him. Therefore I rejoice that I have confidence in you in everything.

a. His spirit has been refreshed by you all: The experience of Titus in Corinth, and his report from there, are sure evidence that the Corinthians have had a change of mind.

b. If in anything I have boasted to him about you: Paul had been "hopefully" boasting to Titus that the Corinthian Christians would respond well to the severe letter.  Probably Titus was not so sure!  But Paul's boasting to Titus was found true!

c. His affections are great for you: Paul is assuring the Corinthian Christians that Titus loves them more than ever now.  Probably, Titus had seen a lot of ugliness among the Corinthian Christians.  Titus may have had a "chip on his shoulder" against them.  So Paul wants them to know that after he saw and reported their repentance, Titus loves them more than ever now!

d. I rejoice that I have confidence in you in everything: Is Paul being sarcastic here?  Probably not.  He is probably simply trying to encourage the Corinthians, showing them that he is convinced their repentance was genuine.

i. "Thus by praising them, he further winneth upon them, whom before he had more sharply handled.  Sour and sweet make the best sauce." (Trapp)

ii. At the end of this chapter, Paul is praising the Corinthian Christians.  They seem to be in a place of victory.  But in the "sorrowful letter" (mentioned in 2 Corinthians 2:1) there was no praise.  What was the difference?  The real repentance, reported by Titus and commented on by Paul in this chapter.

iii. All through this chapter, we see how concerned Paul was about his relationship with the Corinthian Christians.  This shows that people were just as important to Paul as ministry.  He didn't want to do "ministry" at the expense of his relationships with people.

© 2001 David Guzik - No distribution beyond personal use without permission