Dictionaries :: Governor

Governor:

(1.) Heb. nagid, a prominent, conspicuous person, whatever his capacity; as, chief of the royal palace (2Ch 28:7; 1Ki 4:6), chief of the temple (1Ch 9:11; Jer 20:1), the leader of the Aaronites (1Ch 12:27), keeper of the sacred treasury (26:24), captain of the army (13:1), the king (1Sa 9:16), the Messiah (Dan 9:25).

(2.) Heb. nasi, raised; exalted. Used to denote the chiefs of families (Num 3:24,30,32,35); also of tribes (2:3; 7:2; 3:32). These dignities appear to have been elective, not hereditary.

(3.) Heb. pakid, an officer or magistrate. It is used of the delegate of the high priest (2Ch 24:11), the Levites (Neh 11:22), a military commander (2Ki 25:19), Joseph's officers in Egypt (Gen 41:34).

(4.) Heb. shallit, one who has power, who rules (Gen 42:6; Ezr 4:20; Ecc 8:8; Dan 2:15; 5:29).

(5.) Heb. aluph, literally one put over a thousand, i.e., a clan or a subdivision of a tribe. Used of the "dukes" of Edom (Gen 36), and of the Jewish chiefs (Zec 9:7).

(6.) Heb. moshel, one who rules, holds dominion. Used of many classes of rulers (Gen 3:16; 24:2; 45:8; Psa 105:20); of the Messiah (Mic 5:2); of God (1Ch 29:12; Psa 103:19).

(7.) Heb. sar, a ruler or chief; a word of very general use. It is used of the chief baker of Pharaoh (Gen 40:16); of the chief butler (See also Gen 47:6; Exd 1:11; Dan 1:7; Jdg 10:18; 1Ki 22:26; 20:15; 2Ki 1:9; 2Sa 24:2). It is used also of angels, guardian angels (Dan 10:13, 20, 21; 12:1; 10:13; 8:25).

(8.) Pehah, whence pasha, i.e., friend of the king; adjutant; governor of a province (2Ki 18:24; Isa 36:9; Jer 51:57; Eze 23:6,23; Dan 3:2; Est 3:12), or a prefect (Neh 3:7; 5:14; Ezr 5:3; Hag 1:1). This is a foreign word, Assyrian, which was early adopted into the Hebrew idiom (1Ki 10:15).

(9.) The Chaldean word segan is applied to the governors of the Babylonian satrapies (Dan 3:2,27; 6:7); the prefects over the Magi (2:48). The corresponding Hebrew word segan is used of provincial rulers (Jer 51:23,28,57); also of chiefs and rulers of the people of Jerusalem (Ezr 9:2; Neh 2:16; 4:14,19; 5:7,17; 7:5; 12:40).

In the New Testament there are also different Greek words rendered thus.

(1.) Meaning an ethnarch (2Cr 11:32), which was an office distinct from military command, with considerable latitude of application.

(2.) The procurator of Judea under the Romans (Mat 27:2). (Luk 2:2, where the verb from which the Greek word so rendered is derived is used.)

(3.) Steward (Gal 4:2).

(4.) Governor of the feast (Jhn 2:9), who appears here to have been merely an intimate friend of the bridegroom, and to have presided at the marriage banquet in his stead.

(5.) A director, i.e., helmsman; Lat. gubernator, (Jam 3:4).

Governor:

guv'-er-ner: The word "governor" is employed in English Versions of the Bible in rendering a great variety of Hebrew and Greek words. In certain cases strict consistency is neither observed nor possible.

1. In the Old Testament:

In the rendering of Hebrew terms account has naturally been taken of the translations offered in Septuagint, which, being the work of different hands, is both uneven in quality and inconsistent. But there are inherent difficulties which can never be entirely overcome. First and most important, there is the difficulty arising from our ignorance of many details of the government of the oriental nations to which the terms apply. Hardly less is the embarrassment occasioned by the vague employment of words in indiscriminate reference to persons of superior rank and somehow exercising authority. There is consequently much confusion in the use of titles such as "deputy," "duke," "judge," "lawgiver," "overseer" "prince" "ruler" etc. for which the student may consult the special articles.

(1) alluwph or ‘alluph, "governor" (the Revised Version (British and American) "chieftain") in Judah (Zec 9:7; 12:5 f).

(2) choqeq (Jud 5:9; 5:14, the King James Version margin"or lawgivers"). The word is variously rendered with "ruler" or "lawgiver" in English Versions of the Bible of Ge 49:10; De 33:21; Isa 33:22.

(3) moshel, participle of mashal, "to be master," "to rule" (Ge 45:26, the Revised Version (British and American) "ruler").

(4) nasi' (2Ch 1:2, the Revised Version (British and American) "prince").

(5) caghan (Da 3:2; Jer 51:23, the Revised Version, margin "or lieutenants"; Jer 51:28,57; Eze 23:6,12,23). The same word is rendered "rulers" or "deputies" (Isa 41:25; Ezr 9:2; Ne 2:16; 5:7; 7:5; 12:40).

(6) pechah, is variously used:

(a) of the military governor of a province among the Assyrians (Isa 36:9);

(b) among the Chaldees (Eze 23:6,23; Jer 51:23,18,57);

(c) among the Persians (Es 3:12; 8:9; 9:3);

(d) of the governor-general of the province beyond the River (Euphrates) (Ezr 8:36; Ne 2:7:9);

(e) of Nehemiah as subordinate "governor in the land of Judah" under him (Ne 5:14 );

(f) of Zerubbabel as "governor of Judah" (Hag 1:1,14; 2:2,21); (g) of Solomon's governors (1Ki 10:15; 20:24 (in Syria)).

(7) paqidh (Jer 20:1, the Revised Version (British and American) "chief officer"). Elsewhere it is rendered "overseer" or "officer" (compare Ge 41:34; 2Ki 25:19; Ne 11:9,22).

(8) sar "governor of the city" (1Ki 22:26). Elsewhere commonly rendered "prince."

(9) shallit (Ge 42:6). Elsewhere rendered "ruler" or "captain."

(10) tirshatha' the Revised Version (British and American) "the governor," the King James Version "the Tirshatha" (Ezr 2:63; Ne 7:70).

See TIRSHATHA.

2. In the New Testament:

The word "governor" in English Versions of the Bible represents an almost equal variety of Greek words. Here again the usage is for the most part lax and untechnical; but since reference is chiefly had to officers of the Roman imperial administration, concerning which we possess ample information, no embarrassment is thereby occasioned. The words chiefly in use for "governor" are derived from root ag-," drive," "lead":

(1) hegeomai, "lead" (Mt 2:6; of Joseph as grand vizier of Egypt, Ac 7:10).

(2) hegemon, "leader" (Mt 10:18; 1Pe 2:14; of Pilate, Mt 27:2,11,14,15,21,27; of Felix, Ac 23:24,26,33; of Festus, Ac 24:1,10; 26:30).

(3) hegemoneuo, "function as leader" (Lu 2:2; of Pilate, Lu 3:1).

To these are added terms of more specific meaning:

(4) ethnarches, "ethnarch" or "ruler of a nation" (2Co 11:32).

See GOVERNMENT, 6, 7.

(5) euthuno "direct," "guide" (Jas 3:4). Here the Revised Version (British and American) properly render it "steersman."

(6) architriklinos, "president of a banquet" (Joh 2:8 f, the American Standard Revised Version "ruler of the feast ").

(7) oikonomos, "steward," "manager of a household or estate" (Ga 4:2, the Revised Version (British and American) "stewards").

It is thus seen that in the New Testament "governor" in the political sense occurs chiefly in reference to the Roman procurators of Judea-Pilate, Felix, and Festus. See PILATE; FELIX; FESTUS. It remains for us here to speak briefly of the government of Roman provinces.

Latin provincia signifies a magistrate's sphere of duty or authority, either

(a) judicially or legally, defining the scope of his competence, or

(b) geographically, designating the territorial limits within which he may exercise authority.

It is in the latter sense that we are now considering the word. When, in the 3rd century BC, Rome began to rule conquered lands outside Italy, each territory was set under the authority of a single magistrate, and hence came to be called a "province." Conquered territories left under the rule of native princes or kings were not so designated, although their government was practically directed by Rome. At first provinces were governed by proconsuls or proprietors (i.e. ex-consuls or ex- praetors); but with the steady multiplication of provinces various expedients became necessary in order to provide governors of suitable rank and dignity. Thus, the number of praetors was largely augmented, and the term of possible service as governor was extended. Under Augustus the provinces were parceled out between the emperor and the senate, the former reserving for himself such as seemed to require the maintenance of a considerable armed force. In these the emperor was himself proconsul. Early in the Empire imperial provinces of a different type appear, in which the emperor, regarded as sovereign proprietor, governs by a viceroy (praefectus) or steward (procurator). In some of these, tributary kings or princes ruled with the emperor's representative-a legatus or a procurator-by their side, much as England now rules Egypt. Among the provinces so ruled were Egypt and Judea, partly, no doubt, because of their strategic position, partly because of the temper of their inhabitants.

Written by William Arthur Heidel

Governor:

is a term used

(a) for "rulers" generally, Mar 13:9; 1Pe 2:14; translated "princes" (i.e., leaders) in Mat 2:6;

(b) for the Roman procurators, referring, in the Gospels to Pontius Pilate, e.g., Mat 27:2; Luk 20:20 (so designated by Tacitus, Annals, XV. 44); to Felix, Act 23:26. Technically the procurator was a financial official under a proconsul or propraetor, for collecting the Imperial revenues, but entrusted also with magisterial powers for decisions of questions relative to the revenues. In certain provinces, of which Judea was one (the procurator of which was dependent on the Legate of Syria), he was the general administrator and supreme judge, with sole power of life and death. Such a governor was a person of high social standing. Felix, however, was an ex-slave, a freedman, and his appointment to Judea could not but be regarded by the Jews as an insult to the nation. The headquarters of the governor of Judaea was Caesarea, which was made a garrison town.
See PRINCE, RULER. For anthupatos, "a proconsul," see PROCONSUL.

Governor:

"an ethnarch," lit. "a ruler of a nation" (ethnos, "a people," arche, "rule"), is translated "governor" in 2Cr 11:32; it describes normally the ruler of a nation possessed of separate laws and customs among those of a different race. Eventually it denoted a ruler of a Province, superior to a tetrarch, but inferior to a king (e.g., Aretas).

Governor:

lit., "one who rules a house" (oikos, "a house," nomos, "a law"), Gal 4:2, denotes a superior servant responsible for the family housekeeping, the direction of other servants, and the care of the children under age.
See CHAMBERLAIN, STEWARD.

Governor:

from arche, "rule," and triklinos, "a room with three couches," denotes "the ruler of a feast," Jhn 2:8, RV (AV, "the governor of the feast"), a man appointed to see that the table and couches were duly placed and the courses arranged, and to taste the food and wine.

Governor:

akin to A, No. 1, is used in the present participle to denote "a governor," lit., "(one) governing," Mat 2:6; Act 7:10.

Governor:

to be a hegemon, "to lead the way," came to signify to be "a governor of a province;" it is used of Quirinius, governor of Syria, Luk 2:2, RV (for the circumstances see under ENROLLMENT); of Pontius Pilate, governor of Judaea, Luk 3:1. In the first clause of this verse the noun hegemonia, "a rule of sovereignty," is translated "reign;" Eng., "hegemony."

Note: In Jam 3:4, the verb euthuno, "to make or guide straight," is used in the present participle, as a noun, denoting the "steersman" (RV) or pilot of a vessel, AV, "governor."

Governor:

In the Authorized Version this one English word is the representative of no less than ten Hebrew and four Greek words.

(1.) The chief of a tribe or family.

(2.) A ruler in his capacity of lawgiver and dispenser of justice.

(3.) A ruler considered especially as having power over the property and persons of his subjects (Genesis 24:2; Joshua 12:2; Psalm 100:20. The "governors of the people," in 2 Chronicles 23:20 appear to have been the king's body‐guard; cf. 2 Kings 11:19.

(4.) A prominent personage, whatever his capacity. It is applied to a king as the military and civil chief of his people (2 Samuel 5:2; 6:21; 1 Chronicles 29:22) to the general of an army (2 Chronicles 32:21) and to the head of a tribe (2 Chronicles 19:11). It denotes an officer of high rank in the palace, the lord high chamberlain (2 Chronicles 28:7). It is applied in 1 Kings 10:15 to the petty chieftains who were tributary to Solomon (2 Chronicles 9:14) to the military commander of the Syrians (1 Kings 20:24) the Assyrians (2 Kings 18:24; 23:8) the Chaldeans (Jeremiah 51:23) and the Medes (Jeremiah 51:38). Under the Persian viceroys, during the Babylonian captivity, the land of the Hebrews appears to have been portioned out among "governors" (pachoth) inferior in rank to the satraps (Ezra 8:30) like the other provinces which were under the dominion of the Persian king (Nehemiah 2:7; 2:9). It is impossible to determine the precise limits of their authority or the functions which they had to perform. It appears from Ezra 6:8 that these governors were entrusted with the collection of the king's taxes; and from Nehemiah 5:18; 12:26 that they were supported by a contribution levied upon the people, which was technically termed "the bread of the governor" (compare Ezra 4:14). They were probably assisted in discharging their official duties by a council (Ezra 4:7; 6:6). The "governor" beyond the river had a judgment‐seat beyond Jerusalem, from which probably he administered justice when making a progress through his province (Nehemiah 3:7). At the time of Christ Judea was a Roman province, governed by a procurator (governor) appointed by Rome.