Dictionaries :: Manna

Manna:

Heb. man-hu, "What is that?" the name given by the Israelites to the food miraculously supplied to them during their wanderings in the wilderness (Exd 16:15-35). The name is commonly taken as derived from man, an expression of surprise, "What is it?" but more probably it is derived from manan, meaning "to allot," and hence denoting an "allotment" or a "gift." This "gift" from God is described as "a small round thing," like the "hoar-frost on the ground," and "like coriander seed," "of the colour of bdellium," and in taste "like wafers made with honey." It was capable of being baked and boiled, ground in mills, or beaten in a mortar (Exd 16:23; Num 11:7). If any was kept over till the following morning, it became corrupt with worms; but as on the Sabbath none fell, on the preceding day a double portion was given, and that could be kept over to supply the wants of the Sabbath without becoming corrupt. Directions concerning the gathering of it are fully given (Exd 16:16-18,33; Deu 8:3,16). It fell for the first time after the eighth encampment in the desert of Sin, and was daily furnished, except on the Sabbath, for all the years of the wanderings, till they encamped at Gilgal, after crossing the Jordan, when it suddenly ceased, and where they "did eat of the old corn of the land; neither had the children of Israel manna any more" (Jos 5:12). They now no longer needed the "bread of the wilderness."

This manna was evidently altogether a miraculous gift, wholly different from any natural product with which we are acquainted, and which bears this name. The manna of European commerce comes chiefly from Calabria and Sicily. It drops from the twigs of a species of ash during the months of June and July. At night it is fluid and resembles dew, but in the morning it begins to harden. The manna of the Sinaitic peninsula is an exudation from the "manna-tamarisk" tree (Tamarix mannifera), the el-tarfah of the Arabs. This tree is found at the present day in certain well-watered valleys in the peninsula of Sinai. The manna with which the people of Israel were fed for forty years differs in many particulars from all these natural products.

Our Lord refers to the manna when he calls himself the "true bread from heaven" (Jhn 6:31-35; 48-51). He is also the "hidden manna" (Rev 2:17; Jhn 6:49,51).

Manna:

man'-a (man; manna): The Hebrew man is probably derived, as Ebers suggests, from the Egyptian mennu, "food." In Ex 16:15, we have a suggested source of the name, "They said one to another, What is it?" i.e. manhu, which also means, "It is manna" (see margin).

1. Old Testament References:

This substance is described as occurring in flakes or small round grains, literally, "hoax frost"; it fell with the dew (Nu 11:9) and appeared when the dew left the ground (Ex 16:14); "It was like coriander seed, white; and the taste of it was like wafers made with honey" (Ex 16:31). In Nu 11:8, its taste is described "as the taste of fresh oil," margin "cakes baked with oil." "And the children of Israel did eat the manna forty years, until they came.... unto the borders of the land of Canaan" (Ex 16:35). It ceased the day after they ate the produce of the land, unleavened cakes and parched grain, in the plains of Jericho (Jos 5:10-12). Although an important article of diet, it was by no means the sole one as seems implied in Nu 21:15; there are plenty of references (e.g. Ex 17:3; 24:5; 34:3; Le 8:2,26,31; 9:4; 10:12; 24:5; Nu 7:13,19 f, etc.) which show that they had other food besides. The food was gathered every morning, "every man according to his eating: and when the sun waxed hot, it melted" (Ex 16:21); a portion of the previous day's gathering bred worms and stank if kept (Ex 16:20); on the 6th day a double amount was gathered, the Sabbath portion being miraculously preserved (Ex 16:22-27). A pot-a golden one (Heb 9:4)-with an omer of manna was "laid up before Yahweh" in the tabernacle (Ex 16:33). Manna is referred to in Ne 9:20. It is described poetically as "food from heaven" and "bread of the mighty" (Ps 78:24 f); as "bread of heaven" (Ps 105:40); and as "angels' bread" (2 Esdras 1:19; The Wisdom of Solomon 16:20).

2. New Testament References:

In Joh 6:31-63, our Lord frequently refers to "the manna" or "bread from heaven" as typical of Himself. Paul (1Co 10:3) refers to it as "spiritual food," and in Re 2:17 we read, "To him that overcometh, to him will I give of the hidden manna."

Manna, as might be expected, figures largely in rabbinical literature. It was, it is said, adapted to the taste of each individual who could by wishing taste in the manna anything he desired (compare The Wisdom of Solomon 16:21). Manna is reserved as the future food of the righteous (compare Re 2:17), for which purpose it is ground in a mill situated in the third heaven (Chag 12b; Tan. Beshallach 22).

3. Natural Explanations:

No substance is known which in any degree satisfies all the requirements of the Scriptural references, but several travelers in the wilderness have reported phenomena which suggest some of the features of the miraculous manna.

(1) In the Peninsula of Sinai, on the route of the children of Israel, a species of tamarisk, named in consequence by Ebers Tammaris mannifera, is found to exude a sweet, honey-like substance where its bark is pierced by an insect, Gossyparia mannifera. It collects upon the twigs and falls to the ground. The Arabs who gather it to sell to pilgrims call it mann-es-sama, "heavenly manna"; it is white at first but turns yellow; in the early morning it is of the consistency of wax but when the sun is hot it disappears. This substance occurs only after mid-summer and for a month or two at most.

(2) A second proposal is to identify manna with a lichen-Lecanora esculenta and allied species-which grows in the Arabian and other deserts upon the limestone. The older masses become detached and are rolled about by the wind. When swept together by sudden rain storms in the rainy season they may collect in large heaps. This lichen has been used by the Arabs in time of need for making bread. It is a quite reasonable form of nourishment in the desert, especially when eaten with the sugary manna from the trees.

Written by E. W. G. Masterman

Manna: General Scriptures Concerning

Exd 16:4-35; Num 11:6-10; Deu 8:3, 16; Jos 5:12; Neh 9:20; Psa 78:24; Jhn 6:31, 49, 58

Manna: Preserved in the Ark of the Testimony

Exd 16:33; Hbr 9:4

Manna: Figurative:

Jhn 6:48-51; 1Cr 10:3; Rev 2:17

Manna: Miraculously given to Israel for food in the wilderness

Exd 16:4,15; Neh 9:15

Manna: Called

God's manna

Neh 9:20

Bread of heaven

Psa 105:40

Bread from heaven

Exd 16:4; Jhn 6:31

Corn of heaven

Psa 78:24

Angel's food

Psa 78:25

Spiritual meat

1Cr 10:3

Manna: Previously Unknown

Deu 8:3,16

Manna: Described As

Like coriander seed

Exd 16:31; Num 11:7

White

Exd 16:31

Like in colour to bdellium

Num 11:7

Like in taste to wafers made with honey

Exd 16:31

Like in taste to oil

Num 11:8

Like hoar frost

Exd 16:14

Manna: Fell after the Evening Dew

Num 11:9

Manna: None Fell on the Sabbath Day

Exd 16:26,27

Manna: Gathered Every Morning

Exd 16:21

Manna: An Omer Of, Gathered for Each Person

Exd 16:16

Manna: Two portions of, gathered the sixth day on account of the

Exd 16:5,22-26

Manna: He that gathered much or little had sufficient and nothing

Exd 16:18

Manna: Melted Away by the Sun

Exd 16:21

Manna: Given

When Israel murmured for bread

Exd 16:2,3

In answer to prayer

Psa 105:40

Through Moses

Jhn 6:31,32

To exhibit God's glory

Exd 16:7

As a sign of Moses's divine mission

Jhn 6:30,31

For forty years

Neh 9:21

As a test of obedience

Exd 16:4

To teach that man does not live by bread only

Deu 8:3; Mat 4:4

To humble and prove Israel

Deu 8:16

Manna: Kept longer than a day (except on the Sabbath) became corrupt

Exd 16:19,20

Manna: The Israelites

At first covetous of

Exd 16:17

Ground, made into cakes and baked in pans

Num 11:8

Counted inferior to food of Egypt

Num 11:4-6

Loathed

Num 21:5

Punished for despising

Num 11:10-20

Punished for loathing

Num 21:6

Manna: Ceased When Israel Entered Canaan

Exd 16:35; Jos 5:12

Manna: Illustrative Of

Christ

Jhn 6:32-35

Blessedness given to saints

Rev 2:17

Manna: A golden pot of, laid up in the holiest for a memorial

Exd 16:32-34; Hbr 9:4

Manna:

the supernaturally provided food for Israel during their wilderness journey (for details see Exod. 16 and Num. 11). The Hebrew equivalent is given in Exd 16:15, RV marg., "man hu." The translations are, RV, "what is it?;" AV and RV marg., "it is manna." It is described in Psa 78:24, 25 as "the corn of heaven" and "the bread of the mighty," RV text and AV marg. ("angels' food," AV text), and in 1Cr 10:3, as "spiritual meat." The vessel appointed to contain it as a perpetual memorial, was of gold, Hbr 9:4, with Exd 16:33. The Lord speaks of it as being typical of Himself, the true Bread from Heaven, imparting eternal life and sustenance to those who by faith partake spiritually of Him, Jhn 6:31-35. The "hidden manna" is promised as one of the rewards of the overcomer, Rev 2:17; it is thus suggestive of the moral excellence of Christ in His life on earth, hid from the eyes of men, by whom He was "despised and rejected;" the path of the overcomer is a reflex of His life.

None of the natural substances called "manna" is to be identified with that which God provided for Israel.

Manna:

(what is this?) (Heb. man.) The most important passages of the Old Testament on this topic are the following: (Exodus 16:14-36; Numbers 11:7-9; 11:5; 11:16; Joshua 5:12; Psalm 78:24; 25). From these passages we learn that the manna came every morning except the Sabbath, in the form of a small round seed resembling the hoar frost that it must be gathered early, before the sun became so hot as to melt it; that it must be gathered every day except the Sabbath; that the attempt to lay aside for a succeeding day, except on the clay immediately preceding the Sabbath, failed by the substance becoming wormy and offensive; that it was prepared for food by grinding and baking; that its taste was like fresh oil, and like wafers made with honey, equally agreeable to all palates; that the whole nation, of at least 2,000,000, subsisted upon it for forty years; that it suddenly ceased when they first got the new corn of the land of Canaan; and that it was always regarded as a miraculous gift directly from God, and not as a product of nature. The natural products of the Arabian deserts and other Oriental regions which bear the name of manna have not the qualities or uses ascribed to the manna of Scripture. The latter substance was undoubtedly wholly miraculous, and not in any respect a product of nature, though its name may have come from its resemblance to the natural manna. The substance now called manna in the Arabian desert through which the Israelites passed is collected in the month of June from the tarfa or tamarisk shrub (Tamarix gallica.) According to Burckhardt it drops from the thorns on the sticks and leaves with which the ground is covered, and must be gathered early in the day or it will be melted by the sun. The Arabs cleanse and boil it, strain it through a cloth and put it in leathern bottles; and in this way it can be kept uninjured for several years. They use it like honey or butter with their unleavened bread, but never make it into cakes or eat it by itself. The whole harvest, which amounts to only five or six hundred pounds, is consumed by the Bedouins, "who," says Schaff consider it the greatest dainty their country affords." The manna of European commerce comes mostly from Calabria and Sicily. It's gathered during the months of June and July from some species of ash (Ornus europaea and O. rotundifolia) from which it drops in consequence of a puncture by an insect resembling the locust, but distinguished from it by having a sting under its body. The substance is fluid at night and resembles the dew but in the morning it begins to harden.