γίνομαι (in Ionic prose writings and in common Greek from Aristotle, on for Attic γίγνομαι); [imperfect ἐγινόμην]; future γενήσομαι; 2 aorist ἐγενόμην (often in 3 person singular optative γένοιτο; [participle γενάμενος, Luke 24:22 Tdf. edition 7]), and, with no difference in significance, 1 aorist passive ἐγενήθην, rejected by the Atticists (cf. Lob. ad Phryn., p. 108f; [Thomas Magister, Ritschl edition, p. 75, 6f]), not rare in later Greek, common in the Sept. (Acts 4:4; 1 Thessalonians 2:14; 1 Corinthians 15:10, etc.), imperative γενηθήτω (Matthew 6:10; Matthew 15:28, etc.); perfect γεγένημαι and γέγονα, 3 person plural γέγοναν L T Tr WH in Romans 16:7 and Revelation 21:6 (cf. [Tdf. Proleg., p. 124; WHs Appendix, p. 166; Sophocles Lexicon, p. 37f; Curtius, Das Verbum, 2:187]; Winers Grammar, 36 and 76f (73f); Mullach, p. 16; Buttmann, 43 (37f)), [participle γεγονώς]; pluperfect 3 person singular ἐγεγόνει (John 6:17 [not Tdf.]; Acts 4:22 [where L T Tr WH γεγόνει, cf. Winers Grammar, § 12, 9; Buttmann, 33 (29); Tdf.s note on the passage]); to become, and
1. to become, i. e. to come into existence, begin to be, receive being: absolutely, John 1:15, 30 (ἔμπροσθέν μου γέγονεν); John 8:58 (πρὶν Ἀβραὰμ γενέσθαι); 1 Corinthians 15:37 (τὸ σῶμα τὸ γενησόμενον); ἔκ τινος, to be born, Romans 1:3 (ἐκ σπέρματος Δαυΐδ); Galatians 4:4 (ἐκ γυναικός); Matthew 21:19 (μηκέτι ἐκ σοῦ καρπὸς γένηται, come from); of the origin of all things, Hebrews 11:3; διά τινος, John 1:3, 10. to rise, arise, come on, appear, of occurrences in nature or in life: as γίνεται βροντή, John 12:29; ἀστραπή, Revelation 8:5; σεισμός, [Revelation 6:12; 11:13]; Revelation 16:18; γαλήνη, Matthew 8:26; Mark 4:39; Luke 8:24; λαῖλαψ, Mark 4:37; γογγυσμός, Acts 6:1; ζήτησις, John 3:25 [followed by ἐκ of origin; στάσις καὶ ζήτησις], Acts 15:2 [Griesbach questions ζήτ., Rec. reads συζήτ.]; πόλεμος, Revelation 12:7; ἡ βασιλεία [or αἱ β.] κτλ., Revelation 11:15; Revelation 12:10; χαρά, Acts 8:8, and in many other examples. Here belong also the phrases γίνεται ἡμέρα it becomes day, day comes on, Luke 4:42; Luke 6:13; Luke 22:66; Acts 12:18; Acts 16:35; Acts 23:12; Acts 27:29, 33, 39; γ. ὀψέ evening comes, Mark 11:19, equivalent to γ. ὀψία, Matthew 8:16; Matthew 14:15, 23; Matthew 16:2 [T brackets WH reject the passage]; Matthew 26:20; Mark 14:17; John 6:16, etc.; πρωΐα, Matthew 27:1; John 21:4; νύξ, Acts 27:27 [cf. under the word ἐπιγίν. 2]; σκοτία, John 6:17 [not Tdf.]. Hence,
2. to become equivalent to to come to pass, happen, of events;
a. universally: Matthew 5:18; Matthew 24:6, 20, 34; Luke 1:20; Luke 12:54; Luke 21:28; John 1:28; John 13:19, etc.; τοῦτο γέγονεν, ἵνα etc. this hath come to pass that etc., Matthew 1:22; Matthew 21:4; Matthew 26:56; τὰ γενόμενα or γινόμενα, Matthew 18:31; Matthew 27:54; Matthew 28:11; Luke 23:48; [cf. τὰ γενόμενα ἀγαθά, Hebrews 9:11 L WH text Tr marginal reading]; τὸ γενόμενον, Luke 23:47; τὸ γεγονός, Mark 5:14; Luke 24:12 [T omits; L Tr brackets; WH reject the verse]; Acts 4:21; τὸ ῥῆμα τὸ γεγονός, Luke 2:15; τὰ μέλλοντα γίνεσθαι, Luke 21:36; Acts 26:22; τὴν ἀνάστασιν ἤδη γεγονέναι, 2 Timothy 2:18; θανάτου γενομένου a death having taken place (German nach erfolgtem Tode), Hebrews 9:15. μὴ γένοιτο, a formula especially frequent in Paul (and in Epictetus, cf. Schweigh. Index Graec. in Epictetus, p. 392), Far be it! God forbid! [cf. Morison, Exposition of Romans 3, p. 31f]: Luke 20:16; Romans 3:4, 6, 31; Romans 6:2, 15; Romans 7:7, 13; Romans 9:14; Romans 11:1, 11; 1 Corinthians 6:15; Galatians 2:17; Galatians 3:21 (equivalent to חָלִילָה, Joshua 22:29, etc.); cf. Sturz, De dial. Maced. etc., p. 204f; τί γέγονεν, ὅτι etc. what has come to pass, that etc. equivalent to for what reason, why? John 14:22 (τί ἐγένετο, ὅτι... Ecclesiastes 7:11 (Ecclesiastes 7:10); τί ἐστιν, ὡς etc., Euripides, Troad. 889).
b. Very common in the first three Gospels, especially that of Luke, and in the Acts, is the phrase καὶ ἐγένετο (וַיְהִי followed by וְ); cf. Winers Grammar, § 65, 4 e. [also § 44, 3 c.], and especially Buttmann, § 141, 6.
α. καὶ ἐγένετο καί with a finite verb: Mark 2:15 ([Tr text καὶ γίνεται], T WH καὶ γίν. [followed by the accusative and infinitive]); Luke 2:15 [R G L brackets Tr brackets]; Luke 8:1; 14:1; 17:11; 19:15; 24:15 [WH brackets καί]; followed by καὶ ἰδού, Matthew 9:10 [T omits καί before ἰδ.]; Luke 24:4.
β. much more often καί is not repeated: Matthew 7:28; Mark 4:4; Luke 1:23; [Luke 2:15 T WH], Luke 2:46; Luke 6:12; 7:11; 9:18, 33; 11:1; 19:29; 24:30.
γ. καὶ ἐγέν. followed by the accusative with an infinitive: Mark 2:23 [Winer's Grammar, 578 (537) note]; Luke 6:1, 6 [R G ἐγέν. δὲ καί].
c. In like manner ἐγένετο δέ
α. followed by καί with a finite verb: Luke 5:1; Luke 9:28 [WH text omits; L brackets καί, Luke 9:51; Luke 10:38 R G T, L Tr marginal reading brackets καί]; Acts 5:7.
β. ἐγένετο δέ followed by a finite verb without καί: Luke 1:8; Luke 2:1, 6; [Luke 6:12 R G L]; Luke 8:40 [WH Tr text omit ἐγέν.]; Luke 9:37; 11:14, 27.
γ. ἐγενετο δέ followed by the accusative with an infinitive: Luke 3:21; [Luke 6:1, 6 L T Tr WH, Luke 6:12 T Tr WH]; Luke 16:22; Acts 4:5; Acts 9:3 [without δέ], Acts 9:32, 37; Acts 11:26 R G; Acts 14:1; [Acts 16:16; 19:1]; Acts 28:8, [Acts 28:17].
δ. ἐγέν. δέ [ὡς δὲ ἐγέν.) followed by τοῦ with an infinitive: Acts 10:25 (Rec. omits τοῦ), cf. Meyer at the passage and Winers Grammar, 328 (307); [Buttmann, 270 (232)].
d. with the dative of person to occur or happen to one, befall one: followed by an infinitive, Acts 20:16; ἐὰν γένηται (namely, αὐτῷ) εὑρεῖν αὐτό, if it happen to him, Matthew 18:13; ἐμοὶ δὲ μὴ γένοιτο καυχᾶσθαι far be it from me to glory, Galatians 6:14 (Genesis 44:7, 17; 1 Kings 20:3 (1 Kings 21:3); Alciphron, epistles 1, 26); followed by the accusative with an infinitive it happened to me, that etc.: Acts 11:26 L T Tr WH [but the accusative implied]; Acts 22:6, 17, [cf. Winers Grammar, 323 (303); Buttmann, 305 (262)]; with adverbs, go, fare (German ergehen): εὖ, Ephesians 6:3 (μὴ γένοιτό σοι οὕτω κακῶς, Aelian v. h. 9, 36). with specification of the thing befalling one: τί γέγονεν [L T Tr text WH ἐγέν.] αὐτῷ, Acts 7:40 (from Exodus 32:1); ἐγένετο [L T Tr WH ἐγίνετο] πάσῃ ψυχῇ φόβος fear came upon, Acts 2:43 — Mark 4:11; Mark 9:21; Luke 19:9; John 5:14; John 15:7; Romans 11:25; 1 Corinthians 4:5; 2 Corinthians 1:8 [G L T Tr WH omit the dative]; 2 Timothy 3:11; 1 Peter 4:12; with the ellipsis of ἡμῖν, John 1:17. ἐγένετο (αὐτῷ) γνώμη a purpose occurred to him, he determined, Acts 20:3 [Buttmann, 268 (230), but T Tr WH read ἐγέν. γνώμης; see below, 5 e. α]. followed by prepositions: ἐπ’ αὐτῇ upon (German bei or an) her, Mark 5:33 [R G L brackets]; εἴς τινα, Acts 28:6.
3. to arise, appear in history, come upon the stage: of men appearing in public, Mark 1:4; John 1:6 [on which two passages compare Winers Grammar, 350 (328); Buttmann, 308f (264f)]; 2 Peter 2:1; γεγόνασι, have arisen and now exist, 1 John 2:18.
4. to be made, done, finished: τὰ ἔργα, Hebrews 4:3; διὰ χειρῶν, of things fabricated, Acts 19:26; of miracles to be performed, wrought: διὰ τῶν χειρῶν τινος, Mark 6:2; διά τινος, Acts 2:43; Acts 4:16, 30; Acts 12:9; ὑπό τινος, Luke 9:7 (R L [but the latter brackets ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ]); Luke 13:17; Luke 23:8; γενόμενα εἰς Καφαρν. done unto (on) Capernaum i. e. for its benefit (Winers Grammar, 416 (388); [cf. Buttmann, 333 (286)]), Luke 4:23 [Rec. ἐν τῇ Κ.] of commands, decisions, purposes, requests, etc. to be done, executed: Matthew 6:10; Matthew 21:21; Matthew 26:42; Mark 11:23; Luke 14:22; Luke 23:24; Acts 21:14; γενήσεται ὁ λόγος will be accomplished the saying, 1 Corinthians 15:54. joined to nouns implying a certain action: ἡ ἀπώλεια γέγονε, Mark 14:4; ἀπογραφή, Luke 2:2; ἐπαγγελία γενομένη ὑπὸ θεοῦ given by God, Acts 26:6; ἀνάκρισις, Acts 25:26; νόμου μετάθεσις, Hebrews 7:12; ἄφεσις, Hebrews 9:22. of institutions, laws, etc. to be established, enacted: τὸ σάββατον ἐγένετο, the institution of the Sabbath, Mark 2:27; ὁ νόμος, Galatians 3:17; οὐ γέγονεν οὕτως hath not been so ordained, Matthew 19:8. of feasts, marriages, entertainments, to be kept, celebrated: τὸ πάσχα, Matthew 26:2 (equivalent to נַעֲשֶׂה, 2 Kings 23:22); τὸ σάββατον, Mark 6:2; τὰ ἐγκαίνια, John 10:22; [γενεσίοις γενομένοις (cf. Winers Grammar, § 31, 9 b.; R G γενεσίων ἀγομένων), Matthew 14:6], (τὰ Ὀλυμπια, Xenophon, Hell. 7, 4, 28; Ἴσθμια, 4, 5, 1); γάμος, John 2:1. οὕτως γένηται ἐν ἐμοί so done with me, in my case, 1 Corinthians 9:15.
5. to become, be made, "in passages where it is specified who or what a person or thing is or has been rendered, as respects quality, condition, place, rank, character" (Wahl, Clavis Apocr. V. T., p. 101).
a. with a predicate added, expressed by a substantive or an adjective: οἱ λίθοι οὗτοι ἄρτοι γένωνται, Matthew 4:3; Luke 4:3; ὕδωρ οἶνον γεγενημένον, John 2:9; ἀρχιερεὺς γενόμενος, Hebrews 6:20; διάκονος, Colossians 1:25; ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο, John 1:14; ἀνήρ, 1 Corinthians 13:11, and many other examples; χάρις οὐκέτι γίνεται χάρις grace ceases to have the nature of grace, can no longer be called grace, Romans 11:6; ἄκαρπος γίνεται, Matthew 13:22; Mark 4:19; — in Matthew 17:2; Luke 8:17; John 5:6, and many other places. contextually, to show oneself, prove oneself: Luke 10:36; Luke 19:17; Luke 24:19; Romans 11:34; Romans 16:2; 2 Corinthians 1:18 Rec.; 1 Thessalonians 1:6; 1 Thessalonians 2:7; Hebrews 11:6, etc.; especially in exhortations: γίνεσθε, Matthew 10:16; Matthew 24:44; Luke 6:36; Ephesians 4:32; Colossians 3:15; μὴ γίνου, John 20:27; μὴ γίνεσθε, Matthew 6:16; Ephesians 5:7, 17; 1 Corinthians 10:7; μὴ γινώμεθα, Galatians 5:26; hence, used declaratively, equivalent to to be found, shown: Luke 13:2 (that it was shown by their fate that they were sinners); Romans 3:4; 2 Corinthians 7:14; — γίνομαί τινί τις to show oneself (to be) someone to one: 1 Corinthians 9:20, 22.
b. with an interrogative pronoun as predicate: τί ὁ Πέτρος ἐγένετο what had become of Peter, Acts 12:18 [cf. use of τί ἐγέν. in Act. Phil. in Hell. § 23, Tdf. Acta apost. apocr., p. 104].
c. γίνεσθαι ὡς or ὡσεί τινα to become as or like to one: Matthew 10:25; Matthew 18:3; Matthew 28:4; Mark 9:26; Luke 22:44 [L brackets WH reject the passage]; Romans 9:29 (from Isaiah 1:9); 1 Corinthians 4:13; Galatians 4:12.
d. γίνεσθα εἴς τι to become i. e. be changed into something, come to be, issue in, something (German zu etwas werden): ἐγενήθη εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας, Matthew 21:42; Mark 12:10; Luke 20:17; Acts 4:11; 1 Peter 2:7 — all after Psalm 117:22 (Ps. 118:22). Luke 13:19 (εἰς δένδρον μέγα); John 16:20; Acts 5:36; Romans 11:9 (from Psalm 68:23: (Psalm 69:23)); 1 Thessalonians 3:5; Revelation 8:11; Revelation 16:19, etc. (equivalent to לְ הָיָה; but the expression is also classic; cf. Winers Grammar, § 29, 3 a.; Buttmann, 150 (131)).
e. γίνεσθαι with Cases;
α. with the genitive to become the property of anyone, to come into the power of a person or thing, [cf. Winers Grammar, § 30, 5; especially Buttmann, 162 (142)]: Luke 20:14 [L marginal reading ἔσται], Luke 20:33; Revelation 11:15; [γνώμης, Acts 20:3 T Tr WH (cf. ἐλπίδος μεγάλης γίν. Plutarch, Phocylides, 23, 4)]; προφητεία ἰδίας ἐπιλύσεως οὐ γίνεται no one can explain prophecy by his own mental power (it is not a matter of subjective interpretation), but to explain it one needs the same illumination of the Holy Spirit in which it originated, for etc. 2 Peter 1:20. γενέσθαι with a genitive indicating one's age, (to be) so many years old: Luke 2:42; 1 Timothy 5:9.
β. with the dative [cf. Winer's Grammer 210f (198)]: γίνεσθαι ἀνδρί to become a man's wife, Romans 7:3f (הָיָה לְאִישׁ, Leviticus 22:12; Ruth 1:12, etc.).
f. joined to prepositions with their substantives; ἔν τινι, to come or pass into a certain state [cf. Buttmann, 330 (284)]: ἐν ἀγωνίᾳ, Luke 22:44 [L brackets WH reject the passage]; ἐν ἐκστάσει, Acts 22:17; ἐν πνεύματι, Revelation 1:10; Revelation 4:2; ἐν δόξῃ [R. V. came with (in) glory], 2 Corinthians 3:7; ἐν παραβάσει, 1 Timothy 2:14; ἐν ἑαυτῷ, to come to himself, recover reason, Acts 12:11 (also in Greek writings; cf. Hermann ad Vig., p. 749); ἐν Χριστῷ, to be brought to the fellowship of Christ, to become a Christian, Romans 16:7; ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων, to become like men, Philippians 2:7; ἐν λόγῳ κολακείας [R. V. were we found using] flattering speech, 1 Thessalonians 2:5. ἐπάνω τινός to be placed over a thing, Luke 19:19. μετά τινος or σύν τινι to become one's companion, associate with him: Mark 16:10; Acts 7:38; Acts 20:18; ὑπό τινα to be made subject to one, Galatians 4:4. [Cf. h. below.]
g. with specification of the terminus of motion or the place of rest: εἰς with the accusative of place, to come to some place, arrive at something, Acts 20:16; Acts 21:17; Acts 25:15; ὡς ἐγένετο... εἰς τὰ ὦτα μου when the voice came into my ears, Luke 1:44; εἰς with the accusative of person, of evils coming upon one, Revelation 16:2 R G; of blessings, Galatians 3:14; 1 Thessalonians 1:5 [Lachmann πρός; Acts 26:6 L T Tr WH]; γενέσθαι ἐπὶ τοῦ τόπου, Luke 22:40; ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, John 6:21 [Tdf. ἐπὶ τὴν γ.]; ὧδε, John 6:25 (ἐκεῖ, Xenophon, an. 6, 3 [5], 20; [cf. Buttmann, 71]); ἐπί with the accusative of place, Luke 24:22; Acts 21:35; [John 6:21 Tdf.]; ἐγένετο διωγμὸς ἐπὶ τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, Acts 8:1; ἐγένετο φόβος or θάμβος ἐπὶ πάντας, Luke 1:65; Luke 4:36; Acts 5:5, 11; [ἔκστασις, Acts 10:10 (Rec. ἐπέπεσεν)]; ἕλκος κακόν κ. πονηρὸν ἐπὶ τ. ἀνθρώπους, Revelation 16:2 L T Tr WH; ἐγένετο ῤῆμα ἐπί τινα, λόγος or φωνὴ πρός τινα (came to): Luke 3:2; John 10:35; Acts 7:31 [Rec.]; Acts 10:13, (Genesis 15:1, 4; Jeremiah 1:2, 11; Jeremiah 13:8; Ezekiel 6:1; Hosea 1:1); [ἐπαγγελία, Acts 13:32; Acts 26:6 Rec.]; κατά with the accusative of place, Luke 10:32 [Tr WH omit]; Acts 27:7, (Xenophon, Cyril 7, 1, 15); κατά with the genitive: τὸ γενόμενον ῤῆμα καθ’ ὅλης τῆς Ἰουδαίας the matter the report of which spread throughout all Judæa, Acts 10:37; πρός τινα, 2 John 1:12 (Rec. ἐλθεῖν); 1 Corinthians 2:3; σύν τινι, to be joined to one as an associate, Luke 2:13 (Xenophon, Cyril 5, 3, 8); ἐγγὺς γίνεσθαι, Ephesians 2:13; τινός, John 6:19;
h. [with ἐκ of the source (see 1 above): Mark 1:11 (Tdf. omits ἐγέν.); Mark 9:7 (T Tr marginal reading WH); Luke 3:22; Luke 9:35; Acts 19:34]; γίνεσθαι ἐκ μέσου, to be taken out of the way, 2 Thessalonians 2:7; γενέσθαι ὁμοθυμαδόν, of many come together in one place, Acts 15:25 cf. Acts 2:1 [but only in R G; γενομένοις ὁμοθυμαδόν in Acts 15:25 may mean either having become of one mind, or possibly having come together with one accord. On the alleged use of γίνομαι in the N. T. as interchangeable with εἰμί see Fritzschior. Opuscc., p. 284 note. Compare: ἀπο-, δια-, ἐπι-, παρα-, συμ- παρα-, προγίνομαι.]

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