σύν (the older form ξύν, is still found in some editions in composition (as ξυμβαίνω 1 Peter 4:12 Rec.bez; see Liddell and Scott, under the word, at the beginning; cf. Sigma)), a preposition; it is never used in the Apocalypse, rarely by Matthew (some four times (texts vary)), Mark (some five times, or John (three times)) (who prefer μετά), more frequently by Luke ((Gospel and Acts) about 79 times) and Paul (about 39 times; on the comparative frequency of these prepositions in the classics, see Liddell and Scott, under the word, at the beginning). It takes the dative after it, and denotes accompaniment and fellowship, wheter of action, or of belief, or of condition and experience; (according to the grammarians (cf. Donaldson, New Crat. § 181; Krüger, § 68,13,1; Kühner, ii, p. 438); Winer's Grammar, 391 (366), a fellowship far closer and more intimate than that expressed by μετά although in the N. T. this distinction is much more often neglected than observed). Latin cum, English with.
I.
1. Passages in which the subject of an active verb is said to be or to do something σύν τίνι;
a. phrases in which σύν is used of accompaniment: εἰμί σύν τίνι, i. e. — to be with one, to accompany one, Luke 7:12; Luke 8:38 (Mark 5:18 μετ' αὐτοῦ); Mark 22:56 (Matthew 26:69 and Mark 14:67 μετά); Acts 27:2; to associate with one, Luke 24:44; Acts 4:13; Acts 13:7; Philippians 1:23; Colossians 2:5; 2 Peter 1:18; οἱ σύν τίνι ὄντες, the attendants of one on a journey, Mark 2:26 (Matthew 12:4 and Luke 6:4 τοῖς μετ' αὐτοῦ); Acts 22:9; οἱ σύν τίνι namely, ὄντες — either the companions of one, Luke 5:9; Luke 9:32; Luke 24:24, 33; with the noun added, οἱ σύν ἐμοί πάντες ἀδελφοί, Galatians 1:2; Romans 16:14; or one's colleagues, Acts 5:17, 21; οἱ σύν αὐτῷ τεχνῖται, his fellow-craftsmen, Acts 19:38; εἰμί σύν τίνι, to be on one's side, Acts 14:4 (Xenophon, Cyril 7, 5, 77); to assist one, ἡ χάρις τοῦ Θεοῦ; (ἡ) σύν ἐμοί, 1 Corinthians 15:10.
b. σύν τίνι joined to verbs of standing, sitting, going, etc.: σταθῆναι, Acts 2:14; στῆναι, Acts 4:14; ἐπιστηναι, Luke 20:1; Acts 23:27; καθίσαι, Acts 8:31; μένειν, Luke 1:56; Luke 24:29; Acts 28:16; ἀναπίπτειν, Luke 22:14; γίνεσθαι, to be associated with Luke 2:13; παραγίνεσθαι, to arrive, Acts 24:24; ἔρχεσθαι, John 21:3; Acts 11:12; 2 Corinthians 9:4; ἀπέρχεσθαι, Acts 5:26; ἐισέρχεσθαι, Acts 3:3; Acts 25:23; εἰσιέναι, Acts 21:18; συνέρχεσθαι, Acts 21:16; ἐξέρχεσθαι, John 18:1; Acts 10:23; Acts 14:20; Acts 16:3; πορεύεσθαι, Luke 7:6; Acts 10:20; Acts 23:32 (L T Tr WH ἀπέρχεσθαι); Acts 26:13; 1 Corinthians 16:4; διοδεύειν, Luke 8:1f; έ᾿κπλειν, Acts 18:18. with verbs of living, dying, believing: ζῆν, 1 Thessalonians 5:10; ἀποθνῄσκειν, Matthew 26:35; Romans 6:8; πιστεύειν, Acts 18:8. with other verbs: Acts 5:1; Acts 14:13; Acts 20:36; Acts 21:5; Philippians 2:22; James 1:11.
2. Passages in which one is said to be the recipient of some action σύν τίνι, or to be associated with one to whom some action has reference: — dative, τίνι σύν τίνι: as ἔδοξε τοῖς ἀπόστολοι σύν ὅλῃ τῇ ἐκκλησία, Acts 15:22, where if Luke had said καί ὅλῃ τῇ ἐκκλησία he would have claimed for the church the same rank as for the apostles; but he wishes to give to the apostles the more influential position; the same applies also to Acts 23:15; 1 Corinthians 1:2; 2 Corinthians 1:1; Philippians 1:1. Accusative, σύν τίνι; (which precedes) τινα or τί (the person or thing added): Romans 8:32 (σύν αὐτῷ, i. e. since he has given him to us); Mark 15:27; 1 Corinthians 10:13; τινα or τί σύν τίνι (the person or thing associated or added): Matthew 25:27; Mark 8:34; 2 Corinthians 1:21; Colossians 2:13; Colossians 4:9; τί σύν τίνι, a thing with its power or result, Galatians 5:24; Colossians 3:9: τίς or τί σύν τίνι after passives, as in Matthew 27:38; Mark 9:4; Luke 23:32; 1 Corinthians 11:32; Gall. 3:9; Colossians 3:3; 1 Thessalonians 4:17.
3. It stands where καί might have been used (cf. Buttmann, 331 (285)): ἐγένετο ὁρμή... Ἰουδαίων σύν τοῖς ἄρχουσιν αὐτῶν (equivalent to καί τῶν ἀρχόντων αὐτῶν), Acts 14:5; add, Luke 23:11; Acts 3:4; Acts 10:2; Acts 23:15; Ephesians 3:18.
4. Of that which one has or carries with him, or with which he is furnished or equipped (σύν ἅρμασιν, 3Macc. 2:7; σύν ὅπλοις, Xenophon, Cyril 3, 3, 54; many other examples from Greek writings are given by Passow, under the word, B. I. 2 a.; (Liddell and Scott, I. 4)) σύν τῇ χάριτι ταύτῃ, carrying with him this gift or bounty, 2 Corinthians 8:19 R G T the Sinaiticus manuscript (L Tr WH ἐν τῇ χάριτι ταύτῃ, in procuring (R. V. in the matter of) this benefit); σύν τῇ δυνάμει τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, equipped with the power of our Lord Jesus Christ, 1 Corinthians 5:4 (so according to many interpreters (cf. Winer's Grammar, 391 (366)); but since the N. T. writers are accustomed to designate the powers and virtues with which one is equipped by the preposition ἐν, it is more correct to connect σύν τῇ δυνάμει with συναχθέντων, so that ἡ δύναμις τοῦ κυρίου is personified and represented as the third subject in the gathering; cf. Matthew 18:20 (see δύναμις, a. under the end)).
5. σύν Χριστῷ ζῆν, to live with Christ, i. e. united (in spiritual bonds) to him, and to lead a strong life by virtue of this union, 2 Corinthians 13:4; σύν (Rec.) χειρί ἀγγέλου (see χείρ), Acts 7:35 L T Tr WH.
6. Of the union which arises from the addition or accession of one thing to another: σύν πᾶσι τούτοις, our 'beside all this' (Winer's Grammar, 391 (366)), Luke 24:21 (Nehemiah 5:18; 3Macc. 1:22; Josephus, Antiquities 17, 6, 5).
7. On the combination ἅμα σύν, 1 Thessalonians 4:17; 1 Thessalonians 5:10, see ἅμα, at the end.
II. In composition σύν denotes
1. association, community, fellowship, participation: συνοικέω, σύνειμι, συγγενής, σύμμορφος, συζῆν, συμπάσχειν, σύγχρασθαι, etc.
2. together, i. e. several persons or things united or all in one; as, συγκεράννυμι, συγκλείω, συγκαλέω, συλλέγω, συγκομίζω, etc.
3. completely: συγκύπτω, συγκαλύπτω, etc.
4. with oneself, i. e. in one's mind: συλλυπέομαι (but see the word), σύνοιδα, συνείδησις, συντερρέω; cf. Viger. edition Herm., p. 642f. Once or twice in the N. T. after verbs compounded with σύν the preposition is repeated before the object (Winer's Grammar, § 52, 4, 15): Matthew 27:44 L T Tr WH; Colossians 2:13.
As to its Form, σύν, in composition before β, μ, π, ϕ, ψ, passes into συμ-, before λ into συλ-, before γ, κ, χ into συγ-; before ζ (and σ followed by a consonant) it is elided, hence, συζῆν, συζητέω, συσταυρόω, συστέλλω. But in the older manuscripts assimilation and elision are often neglected (cf. ἐν, III. at the end). Following their authority, L T Tr WH write συνζάω, συνζητέω, συνζητητης, συνζυγος, συνσταυρόω, συνστρατιωτης, συνσωμος; T WH συνβασιλεύω, συγγνώμη, συνκάθημαι, συνκαθίζω, συνκακοπαθέω, συνκακουχέω, συνκαλέω, συνκάμπτω, συνκαταβαίνω, συνκαταθεσις, συνκατατιθημι, συνκαταψηφίζω, συνκεραννυμι, συνκλειω, συνκληρονομος, συνκοινωνέω, συνκοινωνος, συνκρίνω, Ἀσυνκριτος), συνκύπτω, συνλαλέω, συνλυπέω, συνμαθητης, συνμαρτυρέω, συνμετοχος, συνμιμητης, συνπαθέω, συνπαραγίνομαι, συνπαρακαλέω, συνπαραλαμβάνω, συνπαρειμι, συνπάσχω, συνπεριλαμβάνω, συνπνίγω, συνπολιτης, συνπορεύομαι, συνπρεσβυτερος, συνστενάζω, συνστοιχέω, συνφημι, συνφύω, συνχαίρω, συνχράομαι, συνχέω, συνψυχος; L Tr marginal reading συνζητησις; T συνμορφίζω, συνσημον; Tr συνστατιος; WH συνβάλλω, συνβιβάζω, συνμερίζω, συνσχματίζω, But L T Tr WH retain συγγένεια, συγγενής, συγκαλύπτω, συγκυρία, σύγχυσις, συλλέγω, συμβαίνω, συμβουλεύω, συμβούλιον, σύμβουλος, συμπαθής, συμπόσιον, συμφέρω, σύμφορος, συμφυλέτης, σύμφυτος, συμφωνέω, συμφώνησις, συμφωνία, σύμφωνος, (ἀσύμφωνος), συστρέφω, συστροφή; L T Tr συμμερίζω; L T WH συγγενίς, συστατιος; L Tr WH συμμορφίζω, σύμμορφος, σύσσημον; L Tr συγγνώμη, συγκάθημαι, συγκαθίζω, συγκακοπαθέω, συγκακουχέω, συγκαλέω, συγκάμπτω, συγκαταβαίνω, συγκατάθεσις, συγκατατίθημι, συγκαταψηφίζω, συγκεράννυμι, συγκλείω, συγκληρονόμος, συγκοινωμέω, συγκοινωνός, συγκρίνω, συγκύπτω, συγχαίρω, συγχέω, συγχράομαι, συλλαλέω, συλλυπέω, συμβάλλω, συμβασιλεύω, συμβιβάζω, συμμαθητής, συμμαρτυρέω, συμμέτοχος, συμμιμητής, συμπαθέω, συμπαραγίνομαι συμπαρακαλέω, συμπαραλαμβάνω, συμπάρειμι, συμπάσχω, συμπεριλαμβάνω, συμπληρόω, συμπνίγω, συμπολίτης, συμσυστενάζω, συστοιχέω; L συλλαμβάνω, συσχηματίζω. Tdf. is not uniform in συλλαμβάνω, συμβάλλω, συμβιβάζω, σύμμορφος, συμπληρόω, συσχηματίζω; nor Tr in συλλαμβάνω, συσχηματίζω; nor WH in συλλαμβάνω, συμπληρόω. These examples show that assimilation takes place chiefly in those words in which the preposition has lost, more or less, its original force and blends with the word to which it is prefixed into a single new idea; as συμβούλιον, συμφέρει, σύμφορος. Cf. (Alex. Buttmann in the Studien und Kritiken for 1862, p. 180); Philip Buttmann (the son) ibid., p. 811f (But see Dr. Gregory's exposition of the facts in the Proleg. to Tdf., p. 73f; Dr. Hort in WHs Appendix, p. 149; Meisterhans, Gram. d. Attic Inschr. § 24.)

BLB Scripture Index of Thayer's